Back in 2020, Chinese tech giant Tencent unveiled their plans for Net City – a car-free ‘city of the future’ roughly the size of Monaco that’s currently under construction in Shenzhen. 

According to current designs, this ‘city within a city’ will give pedestrians green spaces and self-driving vehicles priority across more than 22 million square feet of urban development built out over the Pearl River. 

NBBJ, the US firm behind plans for the new district, has said: ‘It’s not meant to be an isolated, secure island – it’s a vibrant city. People will walk through it, they’ll connect, and it will be a vital hub for Shenzhen.’

Nusantara, Indonesia

Situated on the east coast of the Indonesian island of Borneo, Nusantara is expected to encompass roughly 990 square miles by the time it’s supposed to be completed in 2045. 

The country’s government reportedly plans to use the city as its new capital, a symbolic gesture toward centralisation, given historic criticism that policies have long been too focused on the island of Java, where the current capital of Jakarta is located. 

Artists’ renderings of the plans to date show a sprawling urban complex interlaced with waterways and lush green spaces, with officials saying as much as 75% of the land will be preserved for nature. 

But some have raised questions about how easy it will be to finance development – the Indonesian government has only committed to covering 20% of project costs, hoping to source the remaining 80% from international investors. 

Woven City, Japan

Described by its developer – the car manufacturer Toyota – as a ‘living laboratory’, Woven City is an urban development currently under construction at the foot of Japan’s Mount Fuji. 

It’s expected the city will initially be home to around 360 residents, with a desired increase to at least two thousand going into the future. 

According to Toyota’s website: ‘This number will include Toyota employees and researchers, who will be able to test and develop technologies such as artificial intelligence in a real world environment.’

While many of the cities on this list lean full-tilt into the metal and glass aesthetic of sci-fi, the company claims that most of the buildings in Woven City will be constructed from wood, using traditional techniques executed by industrial robots. 

BiodiverCity, Malaysia

Between 15,000 and 18,000 residents are expected to move onto three artificial islands off the shore of Penang Island, Malaysia, once the lilypad-shaped urban developments are completed sometime after 2030.

With great pains reportedly being taken to protect the biodiversity of the coastal zones and other natural habitats surrounding the cities, each of the islands will also be connected by a water, air and land-based transportation network prioritising bikers and pedestrians. 

According to developers BIG: ‘Biodiversity will be a new sustainable global destination where cultural, ecological and economic growth is secured and where people and nature coexist in one of the most biodiverse places on the planet at the southern shore of Penang Island.’

Maldives Floating City, Maldives

The Maldives has taken things a step further than Malaysia, building a city that not only actually floats on the water, but which also allows coral habitats to develop along the underside of its districts. 

A website for the initiative says: ‘Maldives Floating City is based on the local culture of this sea-farers nation. Maldivians have a strong relation with the sea, so living on water is aligned with their culture and history.’

Much like Tencent’s Net City in China, the government of Nigeria’s Lagos State has also undertaken to build a city of the future on land reclaimed from the water – this time, the Atlantic Ocean. 

Currently under construction on Victoria Island, adjacent to the nation’s capital, the project has been marketed as a bid to solve ‘the chronic shortage of real estate in the world’s fastest growing megacity’.

But the development has come under repeated fire from local residents, who say the ongoing work has caused significant coastal erosion in the area, with resultant flooding forcing many to relocate. 

Akon City, Senegal

Five years ago, Senegalese-American rapper and entrepreneur Akon wowed the world with his plans to build a new city inspired by Wakanda, the fictional African country from Marvel’s Black Panther films. 

Initial plans boasted a dazzling Afrofuturistic aesthetic, with Akon also claiming the city’s economy would largely run on his eponymous Akoin currency. 

While the first phase of construction was scheduled to be completed by 2023, the project has unfortunately been marred by repeated delays and controversies. 

Much of this centres around a 2021 lawsuit, in which one of Akon’s former business partners alleged that Akon City was likely ‘a scam’ to raise money from investors and the Senegalese state. 

Oceanix Busan, South Korea

Another floating city, Oceanix Busan was conceived by the South Korean government as a solution to severe land shortages around the city of Busan, which it’s estimated will only become more acute as the effects of climate change are more severely felt in the future. 

Scheduled for completion next year, with backing from the United Nations as a ‘prototype’ for how similar initiatives might be implemented around the world, officials in Busan have described the new development as ‘an interconnected neighbourhood adding additional space to South Korea’s second largest city.’

It’s expected that Oceanix Busan will be well-sheltered from extreme weather events due to its location in a sheltered lagoon. 

Each ‘platform’, as the city’s three components are known, will provide space for approximately 12,000 residents and visitors, with plans to expand to as many as twenty platforms in future. 

Developers have further claimed ‘the floating city will generate 100% of the required energy itself’, with each neighbourhood ‘treating and replenishing its own water, recycling its resources, and providing urban agriculture’.

Masdar City, UAE

An urban community in Abu Dhabi, Masdar City was built by the eponymous subsidiary of state-owned Mubadala Investment Company with the goal of becoming ‘the world’s most sustainable eco-city’ by 2016. 

Many believe the £22 billion state-funded project has, however, very much failed to live up to the hype. 

After almost 20 years, the district currently covers less than a sixth of the area it was initially intended to, and is home to just 5,000 of its 45,000 anticipated residents. 

All the same, development remains ongoing, with a number of start-ups as well as Siemens regional headquarters located in the district. 

Telosa, USA

Brainchild of billionaire entrepreneur Marc Lore, Telosa stands out from other entries on this list not for its goals of sustainability or eco-consciousness, but for its principles of ownership. 

Lore has said his vision is for the land on which the city is built to be entirely owned by a ‘community endowment’, effectively an independent investment fund run by a non-profit organisation. 

He believes this will enable investors to leverage future increases in the value of that land to finance Tesola’s development far into the future. 

It remains very much still in the planning stages though, with even a location for the ambitious project yet to be determined.